Petroleum Engineering

Petroleum Engineering is a blend of development, investigation and extension. This real fills the world and gives the building squares to each other calling to successfully complete its work." Energy is a key part in our regular day to day existences. A safe vitality future requires a harmony between natural effect and reasonable supply. Oil and geosystems engineers can address and tackle imperative issues that will prompt vitality security and in this manner are sought after. Oil designs progressively utilize propelled PCs, not just in investigation of investigation information and recreation of store conduct, yet additionally in computerization of oilfield creation and penetrating activities.possibilities for the petrochemical business as a provider of fundamental materials. Petrohemical industry favours  joining due to acquire secure, ease feed supply, improve side-effect stream esteem, limit cost structure. This industry is a far reaching, making an assortment of synthetic items.

Oil industry for the most part includes refining and breaking of raw petroleum to deliver these items. These items when delivered are utilized specifically in the event that they have coordinate application, for example, fuel. though the items, for example, ethylene, propylene when utilized with other concoction mixes can be utilized to deliver cleanser, dissolvable, polymer and so on. This sort of synthetic compounds are generally called petro-synthetic substances. Oil industry is upstream field and petrochemical industry is downstream field Oil and Petrochemicals incorporates New Technologies and Discoveries identified with oil based goods, Chemical procedures, Petrochemistry, Future targets, Marine and Petroleum Geology and Chemical Engineering. Petrochemicals, additionally called oil condensates, are synthetic items got from oil. The distinctive petrochemical applications in ventures are the key elements of the development in this division

Generally, crude petroleum is heated and changed into a gas. The hot gases are passed into the bottom of a distillation column and become cooler as they move up the height of the column. As the gases cool below their boiling point, they condense into a liquid. The liquids are then drawn off the distilling column at specific heights, ranging from heavy resides at the bottom, raw diesel fuels in the mid-section, and raw gasoline at the top. These raw fractions are then processed further to make several different finished products.

Although all fractions of petroleum find uses, the greatest demand is for gasoline. One barrel of crude petroleum contains only 30-40% gasoline. Transportation demands require that over 50% of the crude oil be "converted" into gasoline. To meet this demand some petroleum fractions must be converted to gasoline. This may be done by cracking-breaking down large molecules of heavy heating oil and resides; reforming- changing molecular structures of low-quality gasoline molecules; and isomerization -rearranging the atoms in a molecule so that the product has the same chemical formula but has a different structure, such as converting normal butane to isobutene.

Generally, the simplest refineries consist of crude, vacuum, reforming and some hydrotreating capacity. The next level of complexity adds cat cracking and some additional hydrotreating. The most complex refineries add cooking, more hydrotreating, and hydrocracking.

Petroleum geology is the study of origin, occurrence, movement, accumulation, and exploration of hydrocarbon fuels. It refers to the specific set of geological disciplines that are applied to the search for hydrocarbons (oil exploration).

Petroleum geology is principally concerned with the evaluation of seven key elements in sedimentary basins:

A structural trap, where a fault has juxtaposed a porous and permeable reservoir against an impermeable seal. Oil (shown in red) accumulates against the seal, to the depth of the base of the seal. Any further oil migrating in from the source will escape to the surface and seep.

Evaluation of the source uses the methods of geochemistry to quantify the nature of organic-rich rocks which contain the precursors to hydrocarbons, such that the type and quality of expelled hydrocarbon can be assessed. The reservoir is a porous and permeable lithological unit or set of units that holds the hydrocarbon reserves. Analysis of reservoirs at the simplest level requires an assessment of their porosity (to calculate the volume of in situ hydrocarbons) and their permeability (to calculate how easily hydrocarbons will flow out of them). Some of the key disciplines used in reservoir analysis are the fields of structural analysis, stratigraphy, sedimentology, and reservoir engineering. The seal, or cap rock, is a unit with low permeability that impedes the escape of hydrocarbons from the reservoir rock. Common seals include evaporites, chalks, and shales. Analysis of seals involves assessment of their thickness and extent, such that their effectiveness can be quantified.

Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries (also referred to as oil refineries) to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil, and fuel oils.

Petroleum refineries are very large industrial complexes that involve many different processing units and auxiliary facilities such as utility units and storage tanks. Each refinery has its own unique arrangement and combination of refining processes largely determined by the refinery location, desired products, and economic considerations.

The oil and gas industry is usually divided into three major sectors: upstream, midstream and downstream. The upstream oil sector is also commonly known as the exploration and production (E&P) sector. The upstream sector includes the searching for potential underground or underwater crude oil and natural gas fields, drilling of exploratory wells, and subsequently drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil and/or raw natural gas to the surface. There has been a significant

shift toward including unconventional gas as a part of the upstream sector, and corresponding developments in liquefied natural gas (LNG) processing and transport. Upstream Industry has traditionally experienced the highest quantum of Mergers, Acquisitions, and Divestitures. M&A activity for upstream oil and gas deals in 2012 totaled $254 billion in 679 deals. A large chunk of this M&A, 33% in 2012, was driven by the Unconventional/shale boom especially in the US followed by the Russian Federation and Canada. The aggregate value of Upstream E&P assets available for sale (Deals in Play) reached a record high of $135 billion in Q3-2013. The value of Deals in Play doubled from $46 billion in 2009 to $90 billion in 2010. With on-going M&A activity the level remained almost the same reaching $85 billion in Dec-2012. However, the first half of 2013 saw approximately $48 billion of net new assets coming on the market. Remarkably, the total value of Deals in Play in Q3-2013 nearly tripled over 2009 at $46 billion, in less than four years.

Reservoir engineering is a branch of petroleum engineering that applies scientific principles to the drainage problems arising during the development and production of oil and gas reservoirs so as to obtain a high economic recovery. The working tools of the reservoir engineer are subsurface geology, applied mathematics, and the basic laws of physics and chemistry governing the behavior of liquid and vapor phases of crude oil, natural gas, and water in the reservoir rock of interest to the reservoir, engineers are generating accurate reserves estimates for use in financial reporting to the SEC and other regulatory bodies. Other job responsibilities include numerical reservoir modeling, production forecasting, well testing, well drilling and workover planning, economic modeling, and PVT analysis of reservoir fluids.

Reservoir engineers also play a central role in field development planning, recommending appropriate and cost-effective reservoir depletion schemes such as water flooding or gas injection to maximize hydrocarbon recovery. Due to legislative changes in many hydrocarbon producing countries, they are also involved in the design and implementation of carbon sequestration projects in order to minimize the emission of greenhouse gases.

Petrochemistry is made of a mixture of different hydrocarbons. Additionally, petroleum chemistry contains several more complex hydrocarbons such as asphaltenes. Each geographical location and hence oil field will produce raw petroleum with a different combination of molecules depending upon the overall percentage of each hydrocarbon it contains, this directly affects the coloration and viscosity of the petroleum chemistry. In extremely large quantities petroleum has been produced a lot of years by natural changes in organic materials. Offering the necessary building blocks petrochemicals allow downstream industries to originate and improve the quality of life.  Plant oils will replace petroleum in the coming year.

Petroleum refining processes are the chemical engineering processes and other facilities used in petroleum refineries (also referred to as oil refineries) to transform crude oil into useful products such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gasoline or petrol, kerosene, jet fuel, diesel oil, and fuel oils. Petroleum refineries are very large industrial complexes that involve many different processing units and auxiliary facilities such as utility units and storage tanks. Each refinery has its own unique arrangement and combination of refining processes largely determined by the refinery location, desired products, and economic considerations. Some modern petroleum refineries process as much as 800,000 to 900,000 barrels (127,000 to 143,000 cubic meters) per day of crude oil.

Crude and condensate production in 2015 averaged 50,600 bpd, up from 2014 production of 48,800 bpd. The black oil rate reached a high of 51,000 bpd in June 2015, with a yearly average of 46,200 bpd. Several key projects were completed to improve oil and gas production, handling capacity, surveillance, and reduce downtime.

Oil operations successfully commissioned 65 new oil wells.  These new wells contributed significantly to the production stabilization in 2015.

Petroleum engineering is a field of engineering concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas. Exploration and Production are deemed to fall within the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry. Exploration, by earth scientists, and petroleum engineering are the oil and gas industry's two main subsurface disciplines, which focus on maximizing economic recovery of hydrocarbons from subsurface reservoirs. The combined efforts of geologists and petroleum engineers throughout the life of a hydrocarbon accumulation determine the way in which a reservoir is developed and depleted, and usually, they have the highest impact on field economics. Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of many other related disciplines, such as geophysics, petroleum geology, formation evaluation (well logging), drilling, economics, reservoir simulation, reservoir engineering, well engineering, artificial lift systems, completions and oil, and gas facilities engineering. Subsequent development training has usually been done within oil companies.

Rising prices, increasing air pollution and scarcity of fuels have forced scientists to look for alternative fuel sources. All energy sources which can be naturally replenished are renewable energy sources. Most of the times these two terms are used interchangeably. There is some sort of common belief that all renewable energy sources are sustainable and there is no difference between the two terms. However, this is not true. Renewable energy includes all those sources that do not cause any harm to the environment and have minimal impact on the surrounding environment. Sustainable is much more a wider term and includes all type of energy sources. Sources such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, wave, tidal and hydrogen are renewable as well as sustainable since they have minimum impact on the environment whereas Nuclear energy is not considered as renewable but it is sustainable as it pollutes the environment. This is the only reason that it is said that all renewable energy sources are sustainable but all sustainable energy sources are not renewable.